Long Answer Questions
Q. 1. What is Skill Development? How does it help in
creating employment?
Ans. Skill Development is the development of a particular
skill with proper professional
training. A trained person can get employment easily than
non-skilled labour.
(i) Suppose the government opens new schools to educate
people, the teachers will be
required to run the school.
(ii) A study conducted by the Planning Commission estimates
that nearly 20 lakh jobs
can be created in the education sector alone.
(iii) Similarly, if we have to improve the health situation,
we need many more doctors,
nurses, health workers, etc., to work in various parts of
our country.
Q. 2. What are the different types of unemployment in India?
Ans. (i) Underemployment or disguised unemployment: A
situation where there are
more people in agriculture than necessary. So, even if you
move a few people out,
production will not be affected. It is called
underemployment. This kind of
underemployment is hidden in contrast to someone who does
not have a job and is
clearly visible as unemployed. Hence, it is also called
disguised unemployment.
(ii) Seasonal unemployment: When people are unemployed for a
particular season, it
is called as seasonal unemployment. For example, if farmers
are ploughing land only for
rabi season, then they become unemployed for the rest of the
seasons.
Q. 3. What are the various ways to provide employment
opportunities in rural
areas?
Ans. (i) The government can spend some money or banks can
provide a loan, to
construct wells for irrigation.
(ii) Dams can be constructed along with canals, which will
lead to a lot of employment
generation.
(iii) Government can invest some money on the construction
of roads for running mini
trucks and providing jobs opportunity in transportation.
(iv) Local banks can provide credit at reasonable interest
to the farmers for their farming
to improve.
(v) Identify, promote and locate industries and services in
semi-rural areas where a
large number of people may be employed.
(vi) Setting up of dal mills, opening cold storages, honey
collection centres and
industries to process vegetables and other agricultural
products, which can be sold in
outside markets.
(vii) More and more schools should be opened which would
create about 20 lakhs jobs
in the education sector alone.
(viii) To improve the health situation, we need more
doctors, nurses, health workers,
etc. to work in the rural areas.
(ix) If tourism as a sector is improved every year, we can
give additional employment to
more than 35 lakh people.
Q. 4. How can workers be protected in the unorganised
sector?
Or
Why agriculture is an activity of unorganised sector in
India? Explain.
Ans. There is a need for protection and support to the
workers in the unorganised
sector.
(i) In rural areas:
(a) In the rural areas, the unorganised sector mostly
comprises of landless agricultural
labourers, small and marginal farmers, sharecroppers and
artisans.
(b) Nearly 80 per cent of the rural households in India are
in small and marginal farmer
category.
(c) These farmers need to be supported through timely
provision of seeds, agricultural
inputs, credits, storage facilities and marketing outlets,
etc.
(ii) In urban areas:
(a) In the urban areas, the unorganised sector comprises
mainly of the workers in small
scale industries, casual workers in construction, trade and
transport, etc., and those
who work as street vendors, head load porters and rag pickers,
etc.
(b) Small-scale industries also need government’s support
for procuring and processing
raw material and for marketing of output.
(c) The casual workers are required to be protected in their
jobs and wages.
(iii) SC and STs:
(a) Majority of workers from the scheduled castes, tribes
and backward communities
find themselves in the unorganised sector.
(b) Besides getting the irregular and low-paid work, these
workers also face social
discrimination.
(c) Protection and support to the unorganised sector workers
is thus, necessary for both
economic and social development.
Q. 5. Distinguish between Public sector and Private sector.
Ans. Public sector:
(i) It is controlled and managed by the government.
(ii) The main aim of the sector is public welfare.
(iii) The sector provides basic facilities like education,
health, food and security to the
people. For Example: Railways, Post office, BSNL.
Private sector:
(i) It is controlled and managed by an individual or a
group.
(ii) The main aim of the sector is to earn profits.
(iii) Private sector does not provide any service at a
reasonable rate. For example:
Tatas, Birlas, Reliance.
Q. 6. Classify industries on the basis of their economic
activities with examples.
Ans. (i) Primary sector:
(a) There are many activities that are undertaken by
directly using natural resources.
(b) They are called primary since it forms the base for all
other products that are
subsequently produced.
(c) Since most of the natural products we get are from
agriculture, dairy, fishing,
forestry, this sector is also called agriculture and related
sector.
For example: In activities like dairy, we are dependent on
the biological process of the
animals and availability of fodder, etc.
(ii) Secondary sector:
(a) It covers activities in which natural products are
changed into other forms through
ways of manufacturing that we associate with industrial
activity.
(b) The product is not produced by nature but has to be made
and therefore, some
process of manufacturing is essential.
(c) Since this sector gradually becomes associated with the
different kinds of industries
that come up, it is also called an industrial sector.
For example: Using sugarcane as a raw material, we make
sugar or gur.
(iii) Tertiary activities:
(a) These are activities that help in the development of the
primary and secondary
sectors.
(b) These activities, by themselves, do not produce a good
but they are an aid or a
support for the production process.
(c) Since these activities generate services rather than
goods, the tertiary sector is also
called the service sector.
For example: Goods that are produced in the primary or
secondary sector need to be
transported by trucks or trains and then sold in wholesale
and retail shops.
Q. 7. How do we count the various goods and services and
know the total
production in each sector?
Ans. (i) Economists suggest that the values of goods and
services should be used
rather than adding up the actual numbers. The value of goods
and services in the three
sectors are calculated and then added up.
(ii) Not every good (or service), that is produced and sold,
needs to be counted. It
makes sense only to include final goods and services.
For example: A farmer sells wheat to a flour mill for ₹ 8 per
kg. The mill grinds the
wheat and sells the flour to a biscuit company for ₹ 10 per
kg. The biscuit company
uses flour, sugar and oil to make the packets of biscuits.
It sells biscuits in the market to
the consumer for ₹ 15 per packet. Now, biscuits are the
final goods, i.e., goods that
reach the consumer.
(iii) Intermediate goods are used up in producing final
goods and services. The value of
final goods already includes the value of all the
intermediate goods that are used in
making the final goods.
So, the value of final goods and services produced in each
sector during a particular
year, provides the total production of the sector for that
year. And the sum of production
in three sectors gives us the ‘Gross Domestic Product or
GDP’.
Q. 8. What is GDP of a country? Who has undertaken this task
of measuring GDP
in India?
Ans. The value of final goods and services produced in each
sector during a particular
year provides the total production of the sector for that
year. And the sum of production
in the three sectors gives what is called the Gross Domestic
Product or GDP of a
country.
In India, the mammoth task of measuring GDP is undertaken by
the central government
ministry. This ministry with the help of various government
departments of all the Indian
States and Union Territories, collects information related
to total volume of goods and
services and their prices and then estimates the GDP.
Q. 9. Which local industries in semi-rural areas can provide
job opportunities for
the unemployed?
Ans. (i) Setting up dal mills to procure and process pulses
and then sell them in the
cities.
(ii) Opening a cold storage could give an opportunity for
farmers to store their products
like potatoes and onions and sell them when the price is
good.
(iii) In villages near forest areas we can start honey
collection centres, where farmers
can come and sell wild pure honey.
(iv) It is also possible to set up industries that process
vegetables and agricultural
produce like potato, sweet potato, rice, wheat, tomato,
fruits, which can be sold in
outside markets. This will provide employment in industries
located in semi-rural areas
and not necessarily in large urban centres.
Q. 10. What are the advantages of working in the organised
sectors?
Ans. Advantages of working in the organised sectors are:
(i) Workers of organised sector get regular and assured
employment.
(ii) They are registered by the government and have to
follow its rules and regulations
which are given in various laws such as Factories Act,
Minimum Wages Act, Payment of
Gratuity Act.
(iii) Workers in organised sectors enjoy security of job and
are expected to work only for
a fixed number of hours.
(iv) They also get several other benefits like paid leave,
payment during holidays,
provident fund, gratuity, etc.
(v) They are also supposed to get medical benefits, pension,
etc.
(vi) There is a provision of overtime, in case the workers
do their duties after fixed
working hours.
Q. 11. Why a large number of workers are forced to enter
unorganised sector?
Ans. The organised sector offers jobs that are the most
sought after. But the
employment opportunities in the organised sector have been
expanding very slowly.
It is also common to find many organised sector enterprises
in the unorganised sector
jobs, which pay a very low salary.
As a result, a large number of workers are forced to enter
the unorganised sector jobs,
which pay a very low salary.
They are often exploited and not paid a fair wage.
Their earnings are low and not regular. These jobs are not
secure and have no other
benefits.
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